Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
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The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields. Known for its authoritative, easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, language, and tone that will result in powerful, concise, and elegant scholarly communication. It guides users through the scholarly writing process--from the ethics of authorship to reporting research through publication. The seventh edition is an indispensable resource for students and professionals to achieve excellence in writing and make an impact with their work. The seventh edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect best practices in scholarly writing and publishing. All formats are in full color, with a new tabbed spiral version Improved ease of navigation, with many additional numbered sections to help users quickly locate answers to their questions Resources for students on writing and formatting annotated bibliographies, response papers, and other paper types as well as guidelines on citing course materials Dedicated chapter for new users of APA Style covering paper elements and format, including sample papers for both professional authors and student writers New chapter on journal article reporting standards that includes updates to reporting standards for quantitative research and the first-ever qualitative and mixed methods reporting standards in APA Style New chapter on bias-free language guidelines for writing about people with respect and inclusivity in areas including age, disability, gender, participation in research, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality More than 100 new reference examples covering periodicals, books, audiovisual media, social media, webpages and websites, and legal resources More than 40 new sample tables and figures Expanded guidance on ethical writing and publishing practices, including how to ensure the appropriate level of citation, avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, and navigate the publication process Guidelines that support accessibility for all users, including simplified reference, in-text citation, and heading formats as well as additional font options
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The URL, guides.augusta.edu/APA, is now redirected to this library guide on APA Style 7th Edition. For guidelines and examples on APA Style 6th Edition, consult our APA 6th Library Guide, now accessible at guides.augusta.edu/APA6 |
This APA 7th Style Guide contains formatting guidelines and examples on how to cite a variety of sources in APA Style 7th Edition. Created for the Augusta University community in mind, this Guide illustrates how to reference the most commonly used types of sources cited by AU students. Also is information on how to write, format, and publish your work in APA Style.
We developed this Guide using the authoritative 7th edition Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: The Official Guide to APA Style, and its associated websites.
For guidelines and examples on APA Style 6th edition, please consult our APA 6th Library Guide.
We took great care to ensure that the examples in this Guide conform to the guidelines set out in the Seventh Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. However, the Style Guides are open to interpretation. For further guidance, please consult the 7th ed. Publication Manual of the APA manual or authoritative web resources by APA Style. If in doubt, check with your professor.
Please send any feedback or corrections to your home campus library. Either:
In October 2019, APA updated to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual.
This cheat sheet tells you the main changes to citing and referencing from APA 6th to APA 7th.
| Change | Examples |
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Print books For books, the publisher location is no longer included in the reference.
For more detailed guidelines and examples on referencing different types of books, see our Book: Print tab. |
APA 6th: Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban policy: A critical approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban policy: A critical approach. Blackwell. |
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In-text citations The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first citation. Only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.
For more detailed guidelines on in-text citations go to our Citing In-Text tab. |
APA 6th: (Duffy, Deakin, Wieniawa-Narkiewicz, & Wilson, 2001)
From the get-go: (Duffy et al., 2001) OR Duffy et al. (2001) |
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Journal articles - issue number The issue number of the journal article is always included in the reference list. The issue number is in parentheses, in regular font emphasis, right after the volume number.
For more detailed guidelines and examples on referencing different types of eJournal articles, see our eJournal articles tab. |
APA 6th: Draper, A. R. (2019). Democracy in the middle school music classroom. Music Educators Journal, 105, 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027432118816147 APA 7th: Draper, A. R. (2019). Democracy in the middle school music classroom. Music Educators Journal, 105(3), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027432118816147 |
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Surnames in reference list Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors are supplied in the reference list, instead of 7. |
APA 6th: Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., … Lee, L. H. (2018).
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T. P. (2018). |
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eJournal articles with DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) eJournal article DOIs are always displayed as https://doi.org/xxxx instead of with the doi: prefix.
For more detailed guidelines and examples on referencing different types of eJournal articles, see our eJournal articles tab.
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APA 6th: doi:10.1177/0027432118816147
APA 7th: |
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ejournal articles without DOIs If the electronic journal article does not have a DOI, do not add 'Retrieved from' info. Treat it as if it is a print journal article.
For more detailed guidelines and examples on referencing different types of eJournal articles, see our eJournal articles tab. |
APA 6th: Day, C. B. (2016). A tribute to the power of a teacher- the Ruby Bridges story. YC: Young Children, 71, 45–46. Retrieved from https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc APA 7th: Day, C. B. (2016). A tribute to the power of a teacher- the Ruby Bridges story. YC: Young Children, 71(1), 45–46. |
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Websites Website URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed* Include the website name, unless it’s the same as the author, and italicize the web page titles.
*A retrieval date is only needed if the webpage is designed to change over time and won't be archived.
For more detailed guidelines and examples on referencing different types of webpages and websites, see our webpages and websites tab. |
APA 6th: Tiffany, K. (2019). Online ads can be targeted based on your emotions. Retrieved from Vox website: https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/5/21/18634323/new-york-times-emotion-based-ad-targeting-sadness
Tiffany, K. (2019). Online ads can be targeted based on your emotions. Vox. https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/5/21/18634323/new-york-times-emotion-based-ad-targeting-sadness |
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Videos online Video URLs are no longer preceded by "Retrieved from," unless a retrieval date is needed. [Video file] is changed to [Video]. Include the video platform name before the URL.
For more detailed guidelines and examples on referencing specific types of streaming videos, see our YouTube or other streaming video tab. |
APA 6th: Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy. (2020, Mar 31). A short mindfulness exercise for anxiety with Robert Hindman, PhD [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/J0vYnzpNTZE
APA 7th: Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy. (2020, Mar 31). A short mindfulness exercise for anxiety with Robert Hindman, PhD [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/J0vYnzpNTZE |
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eBooks For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference, and the publisher is included instead. Include the DOI if that is available. Omit the 'Retrieved from' if the eBook is from a website.
For more detailed guidelines and examples on referencing different types of ebooks, see our Book: Electronic (ebook) tab. |
APA 6th: Bates, B. (2015) Learning theories simplified: ... And how to apply them to teaching. [Kindle version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
Bates, B. (2015) Learning theories simplified: ... And how to apply them to teaching. Sage. http://www.amazon.com |
| Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors other than authors and editors. For example, when citing a podcast episode, you include the host of the episode; for a TV series episode, you cite the writer and director of that episode. | |
| Many examples are provided for online source types such as podcast episodes, social media posts, and YouTube videos. Also detailed is the use of emojis and hashtags. | |
Derived from (Streefkerk, 2019) at https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
For more changes, see:
You need to acknowledge your sources:
You must acknowledge and cite your sources. This is important to avoid plagiarism, whether or not you use the author’s own words.
Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s ideas, words or data as if they were your own. Deliberate plagiarism is a serious act of academic misconduct.
You should acknowledge your sources whenever you use a source of information:
What is the difference between a 'Reference List' and a 'Bibliography'?
Reference List - all the references that you have cited in your assignment, report, essay or article.
Bibliography - all of the references that you have read, whether or not they are cited in your assignment.
When you are taking something from another source, you are taking it out of its original context and putting it into a new context - your own assignment. You must make sure it fits properly into this new context. This means: